Ecuador: Correa vows to ‘radicalise revolution’

In the aftermath of a failed coup attempt on September 30, left-wing Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa has vowed to deepen his “citizen’s revolution” in the small Andean country.
 

After the coup attempt by sections of the police and armed forces failed amid pro-government protests, Correa’s approval rate has surged as high as 75% in some polls.

In response, Correa, stating his government had not done enough to implement its pro-people program and would radicalise its project to build a “socialism of the 21st century”.

This call was echoed by Ecuador’s National Secretary of Planning and Development Rene Ramirez, who said after the coup: “We want to have a much more progressive government, more turned to the left.”

Correa, addressing the Fifth Congress of the Latin American Coalition of Rural Organisations in Quito on October 13, said Ecuador needed an “agrarian revolution” rather than small reforms in land ownership.

Addressing hundreds of peasant leaders from across Latin America, Correa said his government would either directly expropriate unused and unproductive agricultural land, or raise taxes on those properties to force its owners to sell.

Other measures proposed to deepen agricultural reform include allotting state-owned fallow land to poor farmers and a program of selective import substitution and incentives to increase local production.

Behind the coup attempt in Ecuador

The attempted coup d’etat in Ecuador on September 30 against the left-wing government of Rafael Correa, which was defeated by loyal troops and mass mobilisation of Correa’s supporters, underscores the turbulent history of that small Andean nation.

It also exposes the weaknesses of Ecuador’s revolutionary movement, which is part of a broader Latin American movement against US domination and for regional unity and social justice.

The coup attempt was led by small core of police and soldiers, whose rebellion was triggered by a public service law that cut some of their immediate benefits. This has led some commentators to assert that recent events were simply a wage dispute, rather than a coup attempt.

Correa’s 2006 election victory - supported by the country’s powerful social and indigenous movements - came after almost two decades of political turmoil. Government after government dragged the country deeper into debt and greater poverty.

Between 1998 and 2005, three elected presidents were overthrown by mass uprisings, led in large part by the main representative of the country’s 40% indigenous population, the indigenous federation CONAIE.

Correa - a former finance minister - won the 2006 poll on a platform of radical social change.

He promised to lead a “citizens’ revolution”, using Ecuador’s oil wealth to eradicate poverty, deepen grassroots democracy and build a “socialism of the 21st Century”. These promises echoed similar process under way in Venezuela and Bolivia.

Ecuador: Indigenous, government clash over mining

On September 30, violent clashes between indigenous protestors and police in Ecuador left at least one protester dead, and nine protesters and 40 police injured, the October 1 Latin American Herald Tribune said.
The protests are the first big test for Ecuador's left-wing President Rafael Correa, first elected in 2006 on the platform of a "citizen's revolution" promising to build a "21st century socialism" in the small Andean country.

The protests were called by the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) — the umbrella confederation representing Ecuador's indigenous population. About 35% of Ecuador's population is indigenous.

On the same day, Ecuador's main teachers union, the UNE, and students also protested against proposed educational reforms.

CONAIE and many environmental organisations are opposed to a new mining law they believe will cause environmental destruction and may result in water privatisation.

They also believe the law violates Ecuador's new constitution, which, among many other progressive additions, guarantees access to water and grants specific rights to the environment.

Ecuador's Correa vows to deepen the "citizens' revolution"

On May 24, Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa marked national independence day ceremonies with a promise to "radicalise and deepen" the "citizens' revolution" his government is seeking to lead.
Correa was joined the slopes of the Pichincha volcano, which rises above the capital Quito, by Bolivian President Evo Morales and Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez. The event celebrated the 187th anniversary of the Battle of Pinchincha, when Ecuador won its independence from Spanish rule.

Speaking one month after becoming the first Ecuadorian president to win re-election in 30 years, Correa said Ecuadorians were celebrating "two liberating births". One was from Spanish rule, and the other through his April 26 election victory on a platform of pro-people economic development.

Correa said the Ecuadorian people had chosen a "profound, rapid and peaceful revolution". He promised to "deepen and radicalise" the process of change, "now, not tomorrow".

"We will not change course", Correa said.

Ecuador: Mining, debt and indigenous struggles

On November 17, thousands of indigenous and environmental activists rallied across Ecuador in protest against the introduction of a new mining law by the government of President Rafael Correa.

The protests, organised largely by the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE — Ecuador's largest indigenous federation), marked the beginning of a week of protests by social, environmental and indigenous movements against the potentially environmentally destructive consequences of a number of proposed new laws — including laws relating to mining, water and the introduction of large-scale shrimp farming.

Ecuador's weak economy is heavily dependent upon mineral extraction — especially oil — and this has had a catastrophic effect on the environment and communities in affected areas.

A large part of the Ecuadorian Amazon is now being described as an "Amazonian chernobyl" after 18 billion gallons of polluted water were released into the water system by oil-giant Chevron Texaco. This has resulted in thousands of deaths, cancer, birth defects and massive environmental collapse.

Affected communities are currently pursuing Chevron in court.

Ecuador: New progressive constitution adopted

On September 28, 65% of Ecuadorian voters approved the country's 20th and newest constitution — strengthening the mandate of left-wing President Rafael Correa. 

Correa was elected in 2006, promising a "citizen's revolution" to build a "socialism of the 21st century" in order to overcome the corruption rife in Ecuador, and to end the poverty that afflicts over half of the small Andean country's 14 million inhabitants.

The drafting of the new constitution, by an elected constituent assembly, involved significant public participation.

More than 3500 organisations presented proposals to the assembly, and thousands of public forums were held in schools, universities and communities across the country in the lead-up to the referendum.

Progressive content

Included in the 444 final articles are the right to free universal health care; free education up to university level; equal rights for same-sex relationships; a universal right to water and prohibition of its privatisation; and women's control over their reproductive rights.

The last article opens a legal avenue for abortion for the first time in the heavily Catholic nation.

The constitution also calls for the eradication of inequality and discrimination towards women, and proposes putting a value on unpaid domestic work.

Ecuador votes on new constitution as conflict rises

On September 28, the people of Ecuador will be asked to vote on a new constitution, drafted over the past eight months by an elected constituent assembly.
The new constitution is the centrepiece of the political project of Ecuador's left-wing President Rafael Correa.

Correa, a former finance minister and economist, was elected in late 2006 promising to lead a "citizens' revolution" that would refound the country and overcome poverty through a "socialism of the 21st century".

The draft constitution — Ecuador's 20th since winning independence in 1830 — was passed by the assembly on July 24 by 94 votes to 32.

A number of the 444 articles echo demands raised by the country's powerful social movements over the past decade.

It expressly forbids foreign military bases on Ecuadorian soil, backing up Correa's pledge to close the unpopular US airforce base at Manta, on Ecuador's coast, when its contract expires next year.

Another article recognises unpaid domestic work as productive labour, making those who perform it eligible for social security.

Undocumented immigrants — particularly refugees — will no longer be considered "illegal", granting them more rights to stay and work in the country. Compulsory military service will be abolished, and, with some exceptions, genetically modified seeds will be banned.

Some of the new articles may be contentious in the heavily religious country, such as granting equal legal rights for same-sex relationships and guaranteeing "reproductive rights" to women. Both of these articles have drawn strong criticism from the Catholic Church.

Ecuador: Tension rises in the 'citizens' revolution'

On July 8, the government of Ecuador's left-wing President Rafael Correa took over three television stations and nearly 200 private companies, prompting the resignation of the finance minister.
The companies seized include the TC Television, TC Noticias and Gamavision television stations, as well as another 195 insurance, construction, real estate and other businesses, all owned by the Isaias Group.

The take-overs are linked to embezzlement charges surrounding Filibanko Bank, which collapsed in Ecuador's financial crisis of 1998, and to the Isaias brothers, who are now living as fugitives in the US and are wanted on criminal charges in Ecuador.]

Debt

While government representatives have given assurances that the assets would be auctioned off to repay shareholders with outstanding claims from the 1998 financial crisis, finance minister Fausto Ortiz — described as the most "market friendly" member of Correa's government — had already resigned in protest.

Ecuador: Massive rally marks Correa's first anniversary

On January 19, 100,000 people marched in Ecuador's largest city, Guayaquil, to celebrate the one year anniversary of Rafael Correa's presidency and his "citizen's revolution".

Correa, a self-declared socialist and close ally of Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez, was inaugurated on January 15 last year, promising to revolutionise his society by eliminating poverty and initiating a constituent assembly to rewrite the country's constitution and allow more direct popular participation.

Since then, Correa has increased the average wage, doubled social benefits and begun renegotiating contracts with the multinational oil companies that dominate the country's main industry.

Ecuador Folkeflertal kræver radikale forandringer

Af Duroyan Fertl
SI - Socialistisk Information, Juni 2007
Folkeafstemningen den 15. april gav et overvældende flertal for præsident Rafael Correas forslag om at indkalde en grundlovgivende forsamling. Formålet er at svække den velhavende elites faste greb om landet.

Forslaget om at indkalde en grundlovgivende forsamling kommer fra landets magtfulde sociale bevægelser og den indianske sammenslutning CONAIE (40 procent af Ecuadors befolkning er indfødte). 82 procent stemte ja – en stor sejr for Correa og et knusende nederlag for den korrupte elite, som har domineret Ecuadors politik i årtier.

Processen frem til afstemningen demonstrerede med al tydelighed modsætningen mellem et parlament domineret af korrupte partier og en befolkning, som kræver at tage aktivt del i demokratiet.

Ekvadorlular radikal değişimi seçti

25 Nisan, 2007
Ekvador, Başkan Rafael Correa’nın ülkeyi varsıl egemenlerin geleneksel kıskacından kurtarmayı amaçlayan yeni anayasayı yazmak için kurucu meclis toplanması önerisini 15 Nisan’da büyük bir çoğunlukla onayladı.

Ülkenin en güçlü yerli koalisyonu CONAIE (Ekvador nüfusunun %40’ı yerli) ve halk örgütlerinin isteklerinden kaynaklanan öneri oyların %82’sini aldı -Correa için büyük bir zafer ve onlarca yıldır Ekvador politikasına egemen olan yolsuz seçkinler için yıkıcı bir yenilgi.

Oylamaya giden süreç gerçek bir katılımcı demokrasi isteyen Ekvadorluların artık Parlamento’yu ve ona sığınan örgütlere karşı kayırıcılığını tutmadığını gösterdi.

ABD’de İllinois Üniversitesi’nde doktora yapan ve solcu bir ekonomist ve üniversitede okutman olan Correa’nın adı ilk olarak 2005 yılında, Başkan Lucio Gutierrez devrildikten sonra duyulmaya başladı. Gutierrez radikal reformlar yapma sözü vermiş ama seçildikten sonra birkaç gün içinde ABD’nin ve IMF’nin baskısına boyun eğmişti.

Gutierrez halkın huzursuzluğu sonucu on yıl içinde devrilen üçüncü başkan olunca, yerine Başkan Yardımcısı Alfredo Palacio geçti ve Correa’yı Maliye Bakanı olarak atadı. Ama Correa bu görevde uzun süre kalamadı. Ekvador’un dış borç harcamalarını okullar ve hastaneler gibi halk hizmetlerine yöneltmek isteyince, güçlü mali çıkar çevreleriyle karşılaştı ve iki üç ay içinde istifa etmek zorunda kaldı.

Geçen yılki seçim kampanyasında aynı çıkar çevreleri kızıl avcılığına başladı. Chavez gibi “21. yüzyıl sosyalizmi”nden konuşmaya başlayınca onu “komünist diktatör” ve “terörist” diye tanımlamaya başladılar. Correa’nın istediği iktidar gücünü halka vermek ve ülkenin petrol gelirini, üçte ikisinden fazlasının yoksulluk sınırının altında yaşayan halkın ihtiyaçları için kullanmaktı.

CONAIE önderliğinde halk hareketleri, başlangıçta taşıdıkları, Correa’nın öteki başkanlar gibi kendilerine ihanet edeceği kuşkusuna rağmen, ikinci seçim turunda Correa ve partisi Allianza Pais’i (Ulusal Birlik) rakibi Ekvador’un en zengin adamı Alvaro Noboa’ya karşı desteklediler. Correa başkanlık seçiminde rekor düzeyde bir başarıyla, oyların %63’ünü aldı.

"Halk Devrimi"
Correa 15 Ocak’ta başkanlık yemin töreninde “halk devrimi” çağrısını ve Chavez’in Bolivar Devrimine olan desteğini tekrarladı. Başkan aynı zamanda “birleşmiş ve sosyalist bir Latin Amerika” kurulmasını istedi.

Kendisine düşman bir meclise rağmen, Correa şimdiye kadar verdiği sözleri yerine getirdi. Hükümetinin yaptığı ilk iş sosyal yardım ödemelerini bir misli arttırmak oldu. Manta’da istenmeyen ABD üssünü kapatma niyetini sürdürüyor ve yolsuz güvenlik güçlerinde reform yapmaya başladı.

Göreve başladıktan hemen sonra Correa komşu Kolombiya’yı Ekvador hududunda glifosat (Monsanto yapımı bir çeşit “super-Roundup”; zehir) püskürttüğü için Uluslararası Adalet Mahkemesine vermekle tehdit etti. Lakabı “Agent Green” (yeşil ajan) olan bu kimyasal madde Washington’un solcu gerillaları hedefleyen Kolombiya Planı’nın bir parçası. Bu zehir, bitkileri yok ediyor, hayvanları ve çocukları öldürüyor, su havzalarını zehirliyor ve sakat doğumlara neden oluyor.

Correa aynı zamanda Ekvador’un kilit endüstrisini de (petrol) onarmaya başladı. Endüstride batılı şirketler etkindi ve miras olarak arkalarında korkunç sosyal ve çevresel yıkım bırakıyorlar.

2006 yılında Oxy’nin (Occidental Petrol Şirketi) kontrat şartlarına uymadığı saptandı ve şirketin malı devlete geçti. Correa, kamulaştırılan kaynakların devlet şirketi Petroecuador’la birleştirilmesini yeğledi ve Oxy’nin malını geri almak için yaptığı itirazı kabul etmedi.

Ekvador Petrol endüstrisinin onarılması ve geliştirilmesi (bir rafineri inşası dahil) için Venezüella ile anlaşma imzaladı ve OPEC’e (Petrol üreten ülkeler örgütü) geri dönmek niyetini açıkladı. Petrol ihracatçısı olan Ekvador, altyapısı yeterli olmadığı için, uygun olmayan fiyatlarla petrol satın almak zorunda kalıyor.

Ulusal bütçenin önemli bir bölümü acil çevre temizlenmesine ayrıldı. Hükümet çevre zararı gören bazı yerli topluluklarına batılı şirketlerden tazminat alabilmeleri için yardım ediyor.

Örneğin, Chevron (ABD) hakkında tesislerinin çevresinde artan kanser vakaları nedeniyle soruşturma açıldı. Şirket aynı zamanda milyarlarca litre yağlı atık suyu akıtarak çevreye zarar vermekle de suçlanıyor.

Başka şirketlere de yolsuzluk, insan hakları ve çevre koruma yasaları ihlali suçlamasıyla soruşturma açıldı. Yerel topluluklar ve sendikalar hükümetin de yardımıyla, Encana (Kanada) ve Ascendant Copper (Kanada) şirketlerinden istedikleri ödünü aldı.

Bancosur
Correa 15 Nisan’da, bir zamanlar GSMH’sinin yarısına eşit miktarda dış borcu olan Ekvador’un IMF’ye olan borcunun tamamının ödendiğini ve artık bu kuruluşla bütün ilişkilerin kesileceğini açıkladı.

Başkan aynı zamanda, kendisi maliye bakanı iken Dünya Bankası’nın hükümete şantaj yapmağa kalktığını ve bu nedenle Dünya Bankası’nın yerel temsilcilerinin ülkeden kovulacağını söyledi. Correa, Banka’nın eğer petrol endüstrini yeniden yapılandırmaktan ve Venezüella ile mali bir anlaşma imzalamaktan vazgeçilmezse, 100 milyon dolarlık borcun verilmeyeceği tehdidinde bulunduğunu iddia etti. 2005 yılında zorunlu istifasına yol açan olay buydu.

Ekvador, Dünya Bankası ve IMF yerine Bancosur’un (“Güney’in Bankası”) Venezüella, Arjantin ve şimdi Brezilya ile birlikte kilit yandaşlarından biri oldu. Bu girişim gelişmekte olan ülkelere düşük faizle borç vererek Batı’nın borç tuzağına düşmelerini önleyip, IMF’ye karşı çıkmayı amaçlıyor. Banka bu yıl işlemeye başlayacak.

Correa Latin Amerika’nın şirket vurgunculuğu yerine sosyal ihtiyaçları karşılayan bir Ortak Pazar’da bütünleşmesini savunuyor. “Serbest ticaret” deyimini “safsata” diye tanımlayan Correa uzun zamandan beri bölgesel ortak para geliştirilmesini de destekliyor.

Correa başkan seçildikten hemen sonra Ekvador’un Amerikalar için Bolivar Seçeneği ALBA’ya katılmak niyetini açıkladı. ALBA, Chavez’in kurulmasına ön ayak olduğu, ABD’nin zorladığı ticaret anlaşmalarına karşı bir proje.

Chavez’in önerdiği Güney Amerika Ülkeleri Birliği (the Union of South American Nations)- Unasur’un daimi sekreteryası Ekvador’un başkenti Quito’da olacak. Chavez’in 16 Nisan’da Porlamar, Venezüella’da toplanan Güney Amerika Enerji Zirvesi’nde açıkladığı birliğin amacı ülkelerarası ekonomik ve politik bütünleşmeyi geliştirmek.

Kurucu Meclis
Correa’nın verdiği en önemli söz Kurucu Meclisi toplamaktı. Amaç Parlamento’nun yargı üzerinde gücünü kısıtlayan, temsilcileri seçim bölgelerinde oturmaya zorlayan ve seçilen görevlilerin seçmenlerinin oyuyla görevden alınabilmesine (geri çağırmaya) olanak veren bir anayasa yazmak idi.

Correa Parlamento’da temsil edilmediği halde, fırsattan yararlanmak isteyen Gutierrez’in Vatansever Toplum Partisi (Patriotic Society Party) - PSP taraf değiştirerek Kurucu Meclisi destekleyen sol partilere katılınca, gerekli çoğunluk sağlanmış gibi göründü.

Birkaç bin gösterici Anayasa Mahkemesi ve daha sonra Parlamento önünde eyleme başlayınca yasa onaylandı. Ama Correa Kurucu Meclisin, Parlamento’yu mahkemeleri ve cumhurbaşkanlığını feshedebileceğini açıklayınca, PSP önderliğinde meclis ayaklandı.

Yüksek Seçim Mahkemesi (TSE) ve daha sonra Anayasa Mahkemesi Correa’yı destekleyince, Parlamento TSE’yi feshetmeye kalktı. Karşılık olarak TSE, 57 vekili azletti ve polis bu vekillerin Parlamento binasına girmelerine engel oldu.

Karşıtçılar Guayaquil’de karşıt bir meclis toplama tehdidinde bulununca, Correa halkı muhalefete karşı gösteriye çağırdı ve bir iki gün içinde 30.000 kişi eyleme katıldı. Muhalefetin gösterisine ancak 2000 kadar kişi geldi.

Yenilgiyi kabul eden azledilmiş vekiller parlamentoda yerlerini istemeye istemeye yenilere bıraktılar ve 15 Nisan’da halk oylaması yapıldı. %82 Kurucu Meclisin lehinde, %12 aleyhinde oy kullandı. Geçersiz veya boş oyların sayısı çok azdı.
Eylül veya Ekim’de Kurucu Meclis’e 130 temsilci seçilecek. Temsilciler 4-6 ay içinde yeni anayasayı yazacak.

Kurucu Meclisin 100 üyesini yerel iller seçecek, 24 üye ulusal listeden seçilecek. Geri kalan üyeleri Ekvador’un yurt dışındaki göçmen topluluğu seçecek. Kurucu Meclisin kabul ettiği öneriler daha sonra halk oylamasına sunulacak.

Sürecin bundan sonraki aşamasında Correa ve diğer ilerici güçlerin karşılaştığı en büyük sorun geleneksel partilerin meclise seçilip, onu kendi çıkarları doğrultusunda yönlendirmesini önlemek olacak.

Meclis seçimlerinde özel bağışların yasaklanması ve seçime girmek isteyen hareketlerin ve partilerin nüfusun en az %1’inden imza toplama zorunluluğu, önlem almada yardımcı olabilir.

Meclisin başarısının gerçek ölçüsü, halk hareketlerinin, sivil toplum örgütleri, sendikalar ve özellikle genelde bütün bu güçleri birleştiren CONAIE’nin ülkenin geçmişinde oynanan yolsuz iktidar oyunlarını reddeden Ekvadorluların görüşlerini temsil edebilmek için ne kadar iyi örgütlendikleri olacak.

19 Nisan 2007
[Green Left Weekly’den Latinbilgi için Emine Kunter tarafından seçilmiştir]

Ecuadorians vote for radical change

On April 15, Ecuador voted overwhelmingly to ratify President Rafael Correa's proposal to convoke a Constituent Assembly with the power to re-write the constitution with the intention of weakening the stranglehold on the country of the traditional wealthy elite.
The proposal, which originated in the demands of the country's powerful indigenous federation CONAIE (40% of Ecuador's population is indigenous) and social movements, received 82% of the vote — a major victory for Correa and a devastating defeat for the corrupt elite that has dominated Ecuadorian politics for decades.

The process leading up to the vote revealed the degree to which the Congress and the nepotism of the organisations it harbours have been sidelined by the Ecuadorian people, who are demanding a truly participatory democracy.

Correa, a leftist economist and university lecturer who received his PhD from the University of Illinois, first came to national fame in 2005, in the aftermath of the overthrow of President Lucio Gutierrez. Gutierrez had followed the path of his predecessors by promising radical reforms and then backing down in the face of US and International Monetary Fund (IMF) pressure within days of being elected.

After Gutierrez became the third president in a decade to be ousted by popular unrest, Vice-President Alfredo Palacio took over, appointing Correa finance minister. Correa's stint was cut short, however. Within a few months he was forced to resign after his plans to redirect Ecuador's foreign debt spending towards social needs, like schools and hospitals, came up against powerful financial interests.

Ecuador: "Tod den Ratten!"

SoZ - Sozialistische Zeitung, März 2007
Seit seiner Amtseinführung am 15.Januar hat sich Ecuadors Präsident Rafael Correa an die Durchführung seiner Pläne zur Veränderung der Gesellschaft gemacht.
Um die Umweltverschmutzung einzudämmen, erklärte Correa am 3.Februar, dass Ecuador die Verträge von Ölgesellschaften, die unnötigerweise die Umwelt schädigen, annullieren wird. Correa hat die Absicht, Verträge mit Ölgesellschaften neu auszuhandeln, um der Regierung einen größeren Anteil am Gewinn zu sichern, um soziale Ausgaben finanzieren zu können.

Zu den dafür in Frage kommenden Gesellschaften gehört Brasiliens Unternehmen Petrobras, das die Rechte zur Ausbeutung von Ölblock 31 besitzt, der in einer der biologisch vielfältigsten Regionen der Welt liegt. Eine weitere Zielscheibe des Zorns der Regierung ist eine von Ascendant Copper in Junín geplante Mine. Die Stellungnahme des Unternehmens über die Folgen für die Umwelt war Ende 2006 zurückgewiesen worden und die Gesellschaft wird auch beschuldigt, paramilitärische Gruppen zur Einschüchterung von lokalen Gegnern der Mine zu benutzen.

Ecuador's 'citizens' revolution'

Since his January 15 inauguration, President Rafael Correa has set about implementing his plan for changing Ecuadorian society, centred on a "citizens' revolution" to refound the country and begin the construction of a "socialism of the 21st century" by investing economic wealth in social spending on health, education, housing and the environment.
In an effort to curb pollution, on February 3 Correa declared that Ecuador would suspend the contracts of oil companies who needlessly damage the environment. The decision follows the recent announcement that the Ecuadorian government had made US$1 billion from the oilfields of Oxy Petroleum, whose concessions were revoked a year ago for breach of contract. 

Correa has announced his intention to renegotiate contracts with other oil companies to give the government a larger share of the profits, to use for social spending.
Already under investigation is Brazil's Petrobras, which holds the right to explore Oil Block 31, located in one of the world's most biologically diverse regions. Another target of the government's ire is a mine planned by Ascendant Copper in Junin. Ascendant's environmental impact statement was rejected in late 2006, and the company is also accused of using paramilitary groups to intimidate and assault local opponents of the mine.
On February 5, Ecuador announced that it will take Colombia to the International Court of Justice over the spraying of glyphosate near the border and over parts of Ecuador. In December last year, Ecuador temporarily withdrew its ambassador from Colombia over the issue. 

Ecuador: Free trade protests grow stronger

Protests by unionists, students and indigenous activists against a free trade agreement (FTA) between Ecuador and the US have strengthened, forcing the government to declare a state of emergency in several states around the capital Quito on March 21.
Thousands of indigenous activists blockading roads and marching on the capital were prevented from reaching their target by the army. Food and fuel shortages are intensifying in Quito, and the main student federation, the FEUE, brought thousands of students out onto the streets on March 23.

The protests are against the proposed signing of the FTA, the final rounds of negotiations for which began on March 23. Indigenous groups and unions opposed to the FTA believe it will further harm Ecuador's poor majority and indigenous population, and are demanding a referendum on the agreement.

Protesters are also demanding the expulsion of US-based oil company Occidental Petroleum, accusing it of environmental damage, breaking the law and hiring the military to spy on activists in oil-producing regions. They also want a popular rewriting of the constitution, to allow more representative democracy.

Ecuador: Protests threaten - 'FTA signed, Palacio out'

Several weeks of turmoil have escalated as thousands of workers, students and indigenous groups have taken to Ecuador's streets and highways, bringing the country to a standstill, forcing the resignation of the interior minister and demanding an end to negotiations for a free trade agreement (FTA) with the US.

The latest round of protests were sparked on March 6 when 4000 contract oil workers in Orellana province took industrial action demanding back-pay and secure employment, and opposing environmental damage from the US-based oil company Occidental Petroleum.

Since then, the protests have broadened rapidly to reject the proposed FTA with the US and demand a new constitution and the removal of US troops from the Eloy Alfaro air base at Manta. Protesters have also demanded the expulsion of Occidental from Ecuador and the nationalisation of the country's oil.

In the capital Quito, protesters occupied the metropolitan cathedral and broke through a police cordon to blockade the presidential palace. In rural areas, highways were blockaded across the central highlands and throughout the Amazonian regions.

Ecuador's elite creates 'smokescreen' for FTAA entry

In the last couple of weeks, Ecuador's fragile democracy has threatened once again to come apart at the seams. On October 20, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE) ruled that President Alfredo Palacio's call to hold a referendum in December to elect a constituent assembly to amend the country's constitution was illegal.

However, responding to massive public opposition to the ruling, Palacio has insisted on going ahead with both the referendum and constituent assembly, sparking calls from the hostile legislature for his resignation.

According to Prensa Latina news agency, on October 22 Palacio refused to back down, telling a meeting with representatives of popular organisations that the "proposed assembly is irreversible, inevitable, necessary and perfectible".

The convening of a constituent assembly was one of the demands that Palacio, a retired cardiologist and former vice-president, promised to carry out in the wake of the mass protests that led the Congress in April to remove from office President Lucio Gutierrez and replace him with then vice-president Palacio.

Ecuador's President Gutierrez walks a tightrope

On June 10, the 10th round of negotiations for a free trade agreement between the South American nations of Ecuador, Peru and Colombia, and the United States, ended in a stalemate, with neither side willing to budge, in yet another example of Washington's increasing isolation on the continent.
Colombian farmers boycotted the negotiations, thousands of Ecuadorians protested in the streets of the country's largest city, Guayaquil, until police used water cannons and tear gas to disperse them, and on June 8, a bomb was set off outside the hotel in which the negotiations were taking place.

Ecuador's social movements, confident after forcing the overthrow of President Lucio Gutierrez on April 20, are demanding a referendum on the agreement. Protesters chanted: "We don't want to become a North American colony".

Gutierrez was unpopular for his implementation of neoliberal austerity measures, expansion of the US military presence in Ecuador and for attempting to subvert the role of the Supreme Court. 

His replacement, former vice-president Alfredo Palacio, came to power promising to hold a referendum on the trade agreement, increase social spending and to "re-found" the country by setting up a constituent assembly to rewrite the constitution.

However, while he initially spoke out against deepening military ties with the US, Palacio has since affirmed that the US air base at Manta, used as part of Plan Colombia, will stay, and there are fears he will cave in to Washington over trade as well.

Ecuador: Folket driver præsidenten ud af landet

Af Duroyan Fertl  
Offentliggjort: 15. maj 2005

Gutiérrez blev overvældende sikkert valgt sidst i 2002 efter en kampagne, der blev støttet af venstrefløjen. Han fremstillede sig selv som en "ecuadoriansk Chávez" og lovede at gøre op med korruptionen i Ecuador, fjerne den kontroversielle amerikanske militære tilstedeværelse på Eloy Alfaro-flyvebasen og frigøre landet fra nyliberalismen. Gutiérrez havde støttet oprøret i 2000, der, med de oprindelige folk i spidsen, styrtede en korrupt præsident.

Lige som de fleste latinamerikanere er ecuadorianerne blevet hårdt ramt af nyliberale økonomiske politikker, presset frem af USA og de internationale finansielle institutioner.

Disse politikker omfatter privatisering af basale tjenesteydelser, hvilket har ført til stigende leveomkostninger og en øget gæld, der påtvinger lammende tilbagebetalinger. Politikerne har øget landets økonomiske og politiske underordning i forhold til USA, hvilket har styrket støtten til venstrenationalismen.

Ecuador: Mass protests drive president from power

After four months of mounting political pressure and constitutional crisis, the people of Ecuador have driven President Lucio Gutierrez from office. In the face of unstoppable mass protest, and growing calls for the dissolution of Congress and establishment of popular assemblies, Ecuador's right-wing Congress abandoned Gutierrez, leaving vice-president Alfredo Palacio to assume the role.

Gutierrez was overwhelmingly elected in late 2002, on a campaign supported by the left. Styling himself an "Ecuadorian Chavez", he promised to destroy corruption in Ecuador, remove the contentious United States military presence at the Eloy Alfaro Air Base, and free the country from neoliberalism. Gutierrez had supported the 2000 uprising, led by indigenous groups, that overthrew a corrupt president.

Like most Latin Americans, Ecuadorians have been hit hard by neoliberal economic policies pushed by the US and international financial institutions, including privatisation of basic services that has led to increases in the cost of living; and increased debt that imposes crippling repayments. These policies have increased the economic and political subordination of the country to the US, which has strengthened support for left-nationalism.

Upon his election, however, Gutierrez quickly revealed himself as another US puppet, increasing US military ties; embroiling Ecuador in Plan Colombia (the Washington-Bogota-led war on Colombian left-wing insurgents); increasing Ecuador's IMF debt; supporting the war on Iraq; privatising basic services; agreeing to negotiate a free trade agreement with the US; and approving oil exploration in indigenous and environmentally protected areas.